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dc.contributor.authorMbaiwa, J.E.
dc.date.accessioned2011-05-31T12:17:18Z
dc.date.available2011-05-31T12:17:18Z
dc.date.issued2010-09-05
dc.identifier.citationMbaiwa, J.E. (2011) Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1050-1060en_US
dc.identifier.otherdoi.10.1016/j.tourman.2010.09.002
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/805
dc.description.abstractThe Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims at achieving conservation and rural development. In the Okavango Delta, some communities are involved in tourism through CBNRM to improve their livelihoods. However, research has not adequately analyzed changes caused by CBNRM on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. This study, therefore, uses modernization theory to analyze changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by CBNRM at Sankoyo, Mababe and Khwai villages in the Okavango Delta. Using primary and secondary data sources, results indicate that CBNRM is causing a decline in traditional livelihood activities like subsistence hunting, gathering, crop and livestock farming. As a result, a modern cash economy has emerged. New livelihood activities done by communities include: employment in CBNRM projects, the sale of crafts to tourists and thatching grass to tourism lodges. Income derived from CBNRM affords households to build modern houses, buy foreign foods and household equipment like: four-burner gas stoves, kitchen utensils, and satellite televisions. Conversely, this causes a decline in the consumption of traditional foods and the use of huts and household utensils. CBNRM is thus a modernization tool since it is causing a transformation of traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. However, even though changes in livelihood activities and lifestyles may be an indication of the dynamism of culture in study villages, sudden change and modernization may increase livelihood insecurity. As such, tourism planning should ensure that modernization is sensitive to traditional economic systems and the need for rural livelihood sustainability.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.subjectLivelihood activitiesen_US
dc.subjectModernization theoryen_US
dc.subjectCommunity-based natural resource managementen_US
dc.subjectTourism developmenten_US
dc.subjectOkavango Deltaen_US
dc.titleChanges on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswanaen_US
dc.typePublished Articleen_US
dc.linkhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9R-513DYWV-1&_user=778200&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2011&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000043160&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=778200&md5=39edc17eaca9615c937772e08adeb49c&searchtype=aen_US


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